Recognizing these individual personality differences is important to ensure animals are treated well, says professor Marina von Keyserlingk, who led the research team from UBC's animal welfare program in the faculty of land and food systems. 'Sometimes we are tempted to see only the herd, even though this herd consists of different individuals who cope differently with stressful events,' said von Keyserlingk.

'It's important to consider the individual's perspective, because even if conditions are good, on average, some animals may still suffer.' To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves. Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward. In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.

The decline in crude oil prices since last summer has had a direct impact on oil producers' sales revenue, but hedging strategies have lessened the effects of lower prices on some producers' total revenue. Dairy calves are natural optimists or pessimists, just like us Date: February 8, 2018. Dairy calves are natural optimists or pessimists, just like us. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward. Once calves were trained, researchers presented bottles in one of the three intermediate holes, so that calves couldn't be sure if they would be rewarded with milk. The researchers predicted that the most optimistic calves would approach the bottle even if it were positioned close to the location that earlier gave them an empty bottle and puff of air. In contrast, the most pessimistic calves would avoid approaching a bottle in the intermediate holes, even if it were close to the rewarded location. The calves varied in their responses, but individual calves remained consistent in their outlook and made similar choices three weeks apart. Researchers concluded that pessimism was a consistent individual trait, not just the result of temporary moods or emotions.

The study also assessed fearfulness through standard personality tests that monitor how calves react to unfamiliar situations, such as the presence of a stranger or a foreign object. Fearfulness and pessimism turned out to be closely related. 'Calves that were more fearful were also more likely to view the glass as half empty,' said von Keyserlingk. Research has shown that optimism and pessimism are also personality traits in humans, but little work has been done to investigate such personality differences in farm animals.

'The next step in our research will be to understand what type of rearing conditions help ensure that an individual animal has a good life,' added von Keyserlingk. 'For example, more pessimistic calves may require different types of housing and management than we currently provide.'

Contents • • • • • • • Background [ ] Kia Ora Gold Corporation was incorporated in in September 1954 and was listed on the. It carried on business principally as a gold mining company in.

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Western United Limited, originally formed in 1953, had an equal partnership with Kia Oro in the, which was sold in 1987. After 1983, it changed its focus to concentrate on the provision of financial and mining services. Each company had a shareholding in the other, and both were under common control. In 1987, Kia Ora made a to purchase all shares of Western United Ltd, in consideration for either: • 4 fully paid ordinary shares of Kia Oro for every Western United share, or • 5 fully paid ordinary shares for every two WU shares, together with $1.20 for each WU share. This valued WU Ltd at $3.95 to $4.40 a share, based on Kia Oro's market price of $1.10 a share. WU's shares then had a market price of $2.45 a share.